Script language bitcoin
Bitcoin Core documentation. Categories : Technical Vocabulary Bitcoin Core documentation. Navigation menu Personal tools Create account Log in. Namespaces Page Discussion. Views Read View source View history. Sister projects Essays Source. This page was last edited on 25 July , at Content is available under Creative Commons Attribution 3. Privacy policy About Bitcoin Wiki Disclaimers. An empty array of bytes is pushed onto the stack.
Bitcoin script 101
This is not a no-op: an item is added to the stack. The next two bytes contain the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack in little endian order. The next four bytes contain the number of bytes to be pushed onto the stack in little endian order. If the top stack value is not False, the statements are executed.
The top stack value is removed. All blocks must end, or the transaction is invalid. Marks transaction as invalid if top stack value is not true. Marks transaction as invalid.
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Since bitcoin 0. Such outputs are provably unspendable and specially discarded from storage in the UTXO set, reducing their cost to the network. Since 0. Keeps only characters left of the specified point in a string. Keeps only characters right of the specified point in a string. Boolean exclusive or between each bit in the inputs. If it is, 1 is returned, 0 otherwise. Starting with the subsequent public key, it compares the second signature against each remaining public key until it finds an ECDSA match. The process is repeated until all signatures have been checked or not enough public keys remain to produce a successful result.
All signatures need to match a public key. See the input data? The first part of the data signifies that Bob is getting 0. The second part signifies that 0. Now, remember that out input data was 0. This is greater than 0. The deficit of these two values is the transaction fee that the miners are collecting. As we have seen above, every input in a transaction turns into outputs, some of these outputs are spent, while some are unspent and becomes change. UTXO goes on to become Inputs in future transactions. Code taken from Andreas M. One output has a value of 0.
In order to unlock the value of 0.
Script - Bitcoin Wiki
Which UTXOs will be chosen for this transaction? When a transaction is relayed over a network, they are serialized. As Andreas Antonopoulos says,. In the previous two sections, we saw a simple one input and one output transaction. We will make sense of it soon enough.
Common OP instructions
Somewhere in that hexadecimal stream, we have out input data and our output data. The serialization of the output part of the transaction contains the following parts:. The input serialization contains the following components:. Now, we know that UTXOs can only be used if they are unlocked. We know that input values have scriptSig which helps unlock them. How do they interact with each other? Before we get to that though, we should have an idea of how calculations and operations happen in a bitcoin script.
Before we continue with Script, it will be helpful to understand how a stack-based, reverse-polish system works. Now that this is done, how would this look like if it were a script? Just the appearance changes, the rest of the operation remains the same as shown above. If you want a primer on the different Opcodes that are used in a script then click here. Keep this in mind for future examples. We are taking this example just to introduce you to an extremely important opcode, DUP aka duplicate.
Transactions in bitcoin are a constant game of locking and unlocking. The idea of scriptPubKey is to offer a cryptographic puzzle which can only be unlocked via the corresponding scriptSig. Suppose, Alice wants to send Bob some bitcoin. Everyone in bitcoin has two keys:. The public key is cryptographically derived from the private key.
Now, in order to get money sent to them, everyone must have a public address. The reason why we do this is to make sure that you have an extra layer of protection, IF in the case that someone somehow figures out how to generate your private key using your public key which is infeasible. So, the final output is a bit hash.
How do you run Script?
The proof that Bob uses to unlock the funds is his Digital Signature, which cryptographically derived from his private key. Bob unlocks the input using his signature of scriptSig which includes his signature and his public key. In order to unlock the output and use his funds Bob concatenates or kinda joins the scriptSig and the scriptPubKey like this:. Image Credit: CryptoCompare. The script right now looks like this:.
When this entire process is done, Bob can unlock the transaction and gets access to his funds. You just went through an entire bitcoin transaction!